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《周易》第五十一卦,震为雷

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【绪言】

  《周易》第五十一卦《震为雷》。六爻纳甲法属于震宫第一卦,五行属木。

  上一卦《火风鼎》,革故鼎新,先辈打下千秋基业,下一代承上启下,震兴如雷,因此,此卦为《震为雷》。

  《震》卦,君王的象征。寓意君王、统治、长子、太子、继承、奋发、威严、警钟、出发、行动、举措、征战。

  卦象叙述方式:威严清正,国泰民安;雷令风行,畏而有喜;化民易俗,发政施仁;劳而无功,仍需努力;雷厉风行,缔结盟约;从容自若,把握时局。

  威震天下,四夷来朝。于是,铸甲销戈,发展经济,享受太平。因此,第五十二卦为《艮为山》。《震为雷》与《艮为山》互为综卦。

震为雷.jpg

【卦辞】

  〖卦辞〗雷,亨。震来虩虩①,笑言哑哑②。震惊百里,不丧③匕鬯④。

  ①虩虩:读xì,恐惧的样子。②哑哑:笑声。③不丧:不敢荒废。丧,忘记。④匕鬯:代指宗庙祭祀。匕,古代取食器具。鬯,读chàng,即“鬯酒”,一种用于宗庙祭祀的酒。

  译文

  卦辞:震为雷卦,亨通。圣人之威就像雷鸣一样让人惊恐,但清正的执政作风,依然让大家欢呼雀跃。声威震惊百里,各地诸侯恪守成规,时刻不忘圣恩浩荡,时刻不忘祭祀天地。

  辨析

  1.西周时,为了加强王室统治,实行宗法制和分封制,把王畿以外的广大土地和人民分封给王族、功臣和先代帝王的后代,让他们自主建立诸侯国。诸侯在自己的封疆内,又可以对卿大夫实行再分封,卿大夫再将土地和人民分赐给士大夫。比如武王之子伯禽被封晋地,建立晋国(今山西大部);姜子牙被封于齐地,建立齐国(今山东大部)。周天子号称天下共主,有着至高无上的权力,各地诸侯不仅要按时进贡,而且军队也要随时听从周天子的调遣。

  2.西周有严格的宗庙祭祀制度,天子立七庙,诸侯立五庙,卿大夫立三庙,士大夫立一庙,庶人无庙。宗亲诸侯国,每年四季都要祭天祭祖,这是法定义务。其他诸侯国在特定时间也要进行祭天活动。如果荒废祭祀,周王室有权号召其他诸侯国进行讨伐问罪。所以,卦辞才说:“震惊百里,不丧匕鬯。”其内在含义是,皇威浩荡,震慑四方,众诸侯时刻不敢忘记天子之恩,时刻拥护周天子的统治。

  《国语•周语》有这样的记载:“夫先王之制,邦内甸服,邦外侯服,侯、卫宾服,蛮、夷要服,戎、狄荒服。甸服者祭,侯服者祀,宾服者享,要服者贡,荒服者王。日祭、月祀、时享、岁贡、终王,先王之训也。

  有不祭则修意,有不祀则修言,有不享则修文,有不贡则修名,有不王则修德,序成而有不至则修刑。于是乎有刑不祭,伐不祀,征不享,让不贡,告不王。于是乎有刑罚之辟,有攻伐之兵,有征讨之备,有威让之令,有文告之辞。布令陈辞而又不至,则增修于德而无勤民于远,是以近无不听,远无不服。”

  译文

  先王的制度:王畿以内五百里的地方称甸服,王畿以外五百里的地方称侯服,侯服以外至卫服以内的地方称宾服,宾服以外的蛮、夷地方称要服,要服以外的戎、狄地方称荒服。甸服地方的诸侯供给天子祭祀祖父、父亲的祭品,侯服地方的诸侯供给天子祭祀高、曾祖的祭品,宾服地方的诸侯供给天子祭祀远祖的祭品,要服地方的诸侯供给天子祭神的祭品,荒服地方的诸侯则朝见天子。祭祖父、父亲的祭品一日一次,祭高、曾祖的祭品一月一次,祭远祖的祭品一季一次,祭神的祭品一年一次,朝见天子一生一次。这是先王的遗训。

  如有不逐日进贡的,天子就修省内心;有不按月进贡的,天子就修明法令;有不按季进贡的,天子就修明礼仪;有不进岁贡的,天子就修明尊卑名分;有不朝见的,天子就修明德行。这几个方面依次做到而仍有不来的,天子就修明刑法。这时就有惩罚不逐日进贡的,讨伐不按月进贡的,征讨不按季进贡的,责备不进岁贡的,晓谕不来朝见的。这时也就有惩治的法律,有攻伐的军队,有征讨的装备,有严厉谴责的命令,有用文字晓喻的文告。发布命令,公布文告,而再有不来的,天子就在德行上增强修养,不让百姓到远方去受苦。

  2.所谓“震来虩虩”,天子号令天下,各诸侯诚惶诚恐。震,指震卦,震为天子,为权威,为统治。因此,寓意天子之威;来,执政号令;虩虩:恐惧。震来虩虩,按照今天的话说,那就是“从严治党,警钟长鸣”,比如1950年整风运动、1957年整风运动。又如,2012年以来的习式反腐运动,震撼四野。习近平指出,我们党面临着许多严峻挑战,党内存在着许多亟待解决的问题。尤其是一些党员干部中发生的贪污腐败、脱离群众、形式主义、官僚主义等问题,必须下大气力解决。

  这是新一届党的领导人对腐败的首次“宣战”。2013年初,习近平在十八届中纪委一次全会上,明确提出了“老虎苍蝇一起打”的新理念,反腐新序幕从此揭开,力度空前的“反腐风暴”横扫全国。

  知名历史作家二月河说,当前的反腐势头可谓是“蛟龙愤怒,鱼鳖惊慌,春雷一击,震撼四野”。以上内容来自百度百科

  3.所谓“笑言哑哑”,有说有笑。令人恐惧为什么还会有说有笑?这说明周王室律例严明,各诸侯国提心吊胆,恪尽职守,不敢违反。当官者严以律己,一心为公,老百姓自然能安居乐业,有说有笑。

  4.所谓“震惊百里”,西周时,诸侯国多达七十有余。诸侯国近则百里,远则数百里,他们的管辖范围有大有小,大的就像今天的一个省,小的相当于今天的一个县。震惊百里,实际就是在警告百里之外的诸侯国,时刻要谨遵法令。

  5.所谓“不丧匕鬯”,不能忘记供奉祖先,缅怀祖先。各诸侯国之所以有自己的土地和人民,这完全是周王室之恩赐,所以,无论是姬姓宗亲诸侯国,还是其他诸侯国,都不可忘记祖先之功。更重要的含义是,时刻紧跟周王朝。

  〖彖曰〗震,亨。震来虩虩,恐致福也①。笑言哑哑,后有则也②。震惊百里,惊远而惧迩也③。不丧匕鬯,出④可以守宗庙社稷,以为祭主⑤也。

  ①恐致福也:在诚惶诚恐中得到福佑。致,招来,获得。②后有则也:将来才会遵守法度。则,法则,法度。③惊远而惧迩也:远近都敬畏。迩,近。④出:出治,担任。⑤祭主:祭祀宗庙的主导人,指周天子。

  译文

  彖曰:震为雷卦,亨通。圣人之威就像雷鸣一样让人敬畏,如此,各地诸侯和部落才会在诚惶诚恐中得到福佑。有说有笑,一派欢乐祥和的景象,这是圣威之下人们谨遵法度的结果。声威震惊百里,各地诸侯和部落才会常怀敬畏之心,时刻不敢怠慢。天子恪尽职守,不忘祭祀上天和祖先,才能担任保卫国家的重任,才能成为一国之主。

  辨析

  《彖辞》是对《卦辞》的解释。根据语义,“出可以守宗庙社稷,以为祭主也”一句,是对“不丧匕鬯”的解释。但《彖辞》缺少“不丧匕鬯”一句,应是古代翻刻遗漏,特补之。

  〖象曰〗洊①雷,震。君子以恐惧修身②。

  ①洊:读jiàn重叠,接连。②恐惧修身:在恐惧中陶冶身心,涵养德性。

  译文

  象曰:上卦为震为雷,下卦也为震为雷,震卦重叠,雷声阵阵,接连不断,称作震为雷卦。君子由此得到启发,时刻处于警醒之中,陶冶身心,涵养德性。

  辨析

  1.洊雷,本义指震卦上下重叠,组成了《震为雷》卦。寓意接连不断的雷声,如同今天的“警钟长鸣”。

  2.所谓“洊”,水波层层,接连而至。本义再次,重叠。为什么用“洊”字,雷鸣则雨至,故有水也。

 

【爻辞】

  〖初九〗震来虩虩,后笑言哑哑,吉。

  〖象曰〗震来虩虩,恐致福也。笑言哑哑,后有则也。

  译文

  初九:雷声轰鸣,令人恐惧,但在未来的日子里人们就会呈现出一派欢声笑语的情景,吉祥。

  象曰:雷声轰鸣,令人恐惧,老百姓就会在诚惶诚恐中得到福佑。欢声笑语,充分证明这是在圣威之下人们谨遵法度的结果。

  辨析

  1.《月令七十二候集解》中说:“万物出于震,震为雷,故曰惊蛰。”

  惊蛰,乃蛰虫惊而出走也,是24节气中的第三个节气。惊蛰之后,偶有雷声;春分之后,雷乃发声。此说法仅限于中原地区。

  2.春雷鸣,预示春耕。有耕种就有收获,所以说“后笑言哑哑”。当然,这只是从农事方面去解释。

震为雷1.jpg

  〖六二〗震来厉,亿①丧贝②,跻③于九陵④。勿逐⑤,七日得。

  〖象曰〗震来厉,乘刚也。

  ①亿:猜测,怀疑。②丧贝:损失钱财。贝,资货粮用之属也。③跻:读jī,登。④九陵:坡顶。⑤逐:寻找。

  译文

  六二:电闪雷鸣,令人恐惧,担心家中财物损失,于是,登上坡顶环顾四周。其实,无需焦虑,七天过后,自然返回。

  象曰:电闪雷鸣,令人恐惧,原因是空中气流强劲。

  辨析

  1.所谓“亿”,繁体为“億”,思维不定,猜测,疑虑的意思。《楚辞·天问》:“厥萌在初,何所亿焉(事情萌生之初,谁能预料它的未来)?”洪《荀子·赋》:“暴至杀伤而不亿忌者与(突然到来,杀伤万物而毫不迟疑无所顾忌吗)。”《论语》:“亿则屡中(猜测的结果往往与实际相符)。”

  2.所谓“九陵”,表面意思是山顶。陵,土坡。上九为高为顶。上九变动为离,离为九,故曰“九陵”。

  3.所谓“七日”,六二爻变为兑,兑为七,故曰“七日”。

  4.所谓“乘刚”,指凭借着初九爻,寓意领导层出重拳。

  〖六三〗震苏苏①,震行无眚②。

  〖象曰〗震苏苏,位不当也。

  ①震苏苏:震雷催生万物。②眚:读shěng,灾祸。

  译文

  六三:雷声唤醒万物,所以,雷声阵阵不会产生灾祸。

  象曰:雷声唤醒万物,但时机尚未来到,效果不佳。

  辨析

  1.爻辞意思是,执行新政,才能唤醒一个民族。刻不容缓,立刻执行。

  2.所谓“苏苏”,本义为植物复苏,草木萌芽,枝叶舒展。喻义崭新的社会。有人认为,“苏苏”是惊恐的意思,但根据语义和苏字本义,并没有恐惧的含义。

  3.所谓“位不当”,九三爻阳位阴居,寓意颁布新政的人物不恰当,或是时机还没来到。

  〖九四〗震遂①泥②。

  〖象曰〗震遂泥,未光③也。

  ①遂:坠落,沉入。②泥:泥潭。比喻行动不力,或做法死板。③未光:尚未发扬光大。

  译文

  九四:执政能力不强,做事拖泥带水,就像雷声,起初响亮,最后就没了声音。

  象曰:执政能力不强,就像雷声沉入了泥潭,那是因为自己尚未发扬光大。

  辨析

  1.所谓“震遂泥”,雷声不可能陷入泥中,这里比喻雷声逐渐减弱。指办事拖泥带水,或是思想固执,做法死板。

  2.九四爻阴位阳居,不正,故说“未光也”。

  〖六五〗震往来厉①,亿无丧,有事②。

  〖象曰〗震往来厉,危行③也。其事在中④,大无丧⑤也。

  ①震往来厉:雷电持续猛烈。往来,反复,持续。厉,凶猛。②事:指大事。君王所要办理的国家事务。③危行:感到危险而采取的行动。危,居高而惧,指高层人物感到担心。行,行动,举措。④其事在中:这种做法中规中矩。⑤大无丧:绝对没有损失。大,形容词,表示程度。

  译文

  六五:雷声猛烈,经久不息,心想不会有什么损失,而是诸侯之间祭天结盟。

  象曰:震声猛烈,经久不息,这是上层人物感到危险而采取的行动。其做法中规中矩,合情合理,绝不会让老百姓有任何损失。

  辨析

  1.所谓“震往来厉”,震,震卦为君王,为威慑,为军队,为战车,为出发,具有大张旗鼓的意思;往来,络绎不绝,来来往往;厉,行动猛烈,局势紧张。这是一幅什么样的场景?军队整装待发,外交车辆往来频繁,局势显得非常紧张。所以,爻辞结语说:“有事。”因此,老百姓才会考虑到自己的利益。

  2.所谓“有事”,古代君王或诸侯所要承办的朝政大事,比如祭祀天地、诸侯会盟、商讨战争,等等。《仪礼·聘礼》:“久无事,则聘焉(长时间没有盟会之事,就派使者前去聘问)。”《谷梁传·隐公十一年》:“天子无事。”

  3.所谓“危行也”,为什么诸侯之间要结盟?原因是结盟的双方都存在不安全感。为了维护地区和平,保障国家安全,两国结盟交好。因此,危行不是危险的行动,而是“感到危险而采取的行动”。行,是举措的意思。

  4.所谓“其事在中”,意思是,两国结盟,是为了双方都安全,本在情理之中,并没有其它妄念。中,指六五爻,卦之尊位,象征君王。阴性居中,表示中规中矩,符合情理的意思。

  〖上六〗震①索索②,视矍矍③,征凶。震④不于其躬⑤,于其邻⑥,无咎。婚媾⑦有言⑧。

  〖象曰〗震索索,未得中⑨也。虽凶无咎,畏邻戒⑩也。

  ①震:寓意出兵。②索索:冷酷索取样子。③矍矍:读jué,惊讶地注视。矍,读jué。④震:威慑。⑤躬:自身,躬身。⑥邻:邻国。⑦婚媾:缔结婚姻关系。⑧言:责备。⑨未得中:做法不恰当。⑩畏邻戒:看到邻国的灾难,担心祸及自身。邻,指邻国的处境;戒,警觉,担心,戒备。

  译文

  上六:调兵遣将,虎视眈眈,各国惶恐不安,此时应战必有凶险。结果却没有侵占自己,而是攻打了邻国,这没有灾祸。此时,如果慌忙缔结婚姻关系,将招致对方的耻笑。

  象曰:调兵遣将,虎视眈眈,其做法不正确。虽然深感危险但没有灾难,原因是看到了邻国的战火而感到害怕。

  辨析

  1.爻辞大意是,“强国虎视眈眈,准备出兵。各诸侯小国目瞪口僵,惊恐万分。但没有攻打自己,而是攻打了邻国。此时,自己担心战火再烧到自己的家门,决定把女儿嫁给该国,缔结婚姻,以示友好。但是,这会招来该国的斥责,以及大家的耻笑。因为该国原本就没有打算攻占自己,没必要如此担心。”

  爻辞描述的内容肯定是西周时某诸侯国的一段故事,但具体发生在谁的身上,可惜我不是历史学家,没有能力深入考证。

  2.所谓“婚媾有言”,爻辞前文不断描述“战争和恐惧”,为什么话题一转,又说婚嫁?这正是西周时期,乃至春秋战国,各诸侯之间为了国家安全,以缔结婚姻和人质的手段,彼此放心,和平交好。

  3.所谓“震索索”,索是索取,侵占的意思,并有冷酷无情的意味。震索索,就是出兵攻占。本义不是“恐惧”,而是“使别人感到恐惧”。

  4.所谓“视矍矍”,两眼瞪大,张望四周,茫然无措。矍,两眼瞪大。

  5.所谓“征凶”,指被动应战,而不是主动出兵。

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