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《周易》第四十七卦,泽水困

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【绪言】

  《周易》第四十七卦《泽水困》。六爻纳甲法属于兑宫第二卦,五行属金。

  上一卦《地风升》,做强做大,必然遭遇困难,因此,此卦为《泽水困》。

  《困》卦,困难。

  卦象叙述方式:久困家中,无所施展;运气有转,诚信为要;阻碍重重,家庭离散;困守职位,终将有成;身处尊位,贤德执政;危机重重,好自为之。

  身处困境,事业停滞,暂时只能买静求安,因此,第四十八卦为《水风井》。《泽水困》与《水风井》互为综卦。

  

泽水困.jpg

【卦辞】

  〖卦辞〗困,亨,贞,大人①吉,无咎。有言不信②。

  ①大人:贤明之士。②有言不信:油嘴滑舌,说了也没人信。

  译文

  卦辞:困卦,身处逆境,要顺其自然,坚守纯正,只有那些贤明之人才能做到,所以说吉祥,没有灾祸。如果油嘴滑舌,那你说了也没人信。

  辨析

  1.困卦,即困难。可是,卦辞为何还说“亨通”?曾仕强说:“君子临难,能够坦然面对;小人遭困,却只会怨天尤人,正所谓君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。困境中方能显露出一个人的真实本性。”

  2.所谓“亨”,即顺利。此乃辩证法。身处困境,坦然面对,泰然处之,没有非分之念,自然也是顺利的。如果是小人,他们为了生活,必然油嘴滑舌,坑蒙拐骗,从而给自己带来灾难。因此,才说“大人吉”。

  3.所谓“有言不信”,说了话没人信,指人微言轻。有言,光凭嘴说。

  4.现实中,上至王公贵族,下至黎民百姓,没有一个人甘愿吃糠咽菜,过着与世无争,安贫守道的日子。如果果真甘受贫困,那反而遭人笑话:“一生碌碌无为,虚度年华。”此乃人之本性,社会之本原。

  这种理论,包括孔子的《彖辞》,无非是为了巩固自己的统治地位,哄骗世人,防止老百姓闹事而已。

  〖彖曰〗困,刚①掩②也。险以说,困而不失其所③,亨,其唯君子乎④!贞,大人吉,以刚中也。有言不信,尚口⑤乃穷⑥也。

  ①刚:坚强,进取。②掩:掩盖,压制。③不失其所:不失做人的基本原则。所,代词,指适宜的位置,合适的做法。④其唯君子乎:这只有君子才能做到啊!唯,副词,只有。乎,文言叹词。⑤尚口:崇尚言辞。指光说不练。⑥乃穷:才走到了尽头。

  译文

  彖曰:困卦,进取的精神被压制了。险中求乐,始终保持着乐观的精神状态,虽然身处逆境,也不会失去做人的基本原则,所以才说亨通,这只有贤明君子才能做得到啊!保持纯正,君子才会获得吉祥,那是因为意志坚强,坚守正道的结果。油嘴滑舌,说了也没人信,那是因为只说不练是没有前途的。 

  辨析

  1.所谓“险以说”,指苦中作乐,自得其所。

  2.所谓“尚口乃穷”,孔颖达疏:“处困求通,在於修德,非用言以免困;徒尚口说,更致困穷。”上兑为口,上六为阴,又如口,居兑卦最上爻,所以叫“穷”,尽头的意思。

  〖象曰〗泽无水①,困。君子以致命②遂志③。

  ①泽无水:湖中没有水。②致命:竭尽力量。致,竭尽。命,生命。③遂志:实现理想。遂,达到,实现。志,心愿,理想。

  译文

  象曰:上卦为兑为泽,下卦为坎为水,水渗地下,湖中干涸,称作困卦。君子由此受到启发,竭尽力量去实现自己的理想。

  辨析

  1.所谓“泽无水”,泽,水之钟也,即“湖泽,沼泽”。为什么湖中无水呢?《泽水困》上卦为兑为泽,下卦为坎为水,水性下流,汇聚坎中。换句话话说,湖中的水都渗入了地下,形成了地下水,所以说“泽无水”。

  2.卦辞说,身陷逆境的时候,要顺其自然,坚守纯正的作风。象辞却又说,面对困难,要竭尽全力去实现自己的理想。看来,面对困难,文王和孔子的看法是不同的。

  

【爻辞】

  〖初六〗臀①困于株木②,入于幽谷③,三岁不觌④。

  〖象曰〗入于幽谷,幽不明也。

  ①臀:屁股。指坐。株木:一段木材,即木桩子。如图所示。③幽谷:人烟稀少的山谷。④觌:读dí,相见,显现。

  译文

  初六:窘迫不开的时运,就像坐在了木桩上,生活在人迹罕见的山谷中,整整三年都没露面。

  象曰:生活在人迹罕见的山谷中,那是因为思想模糊,没有想出好门路。

  辨析

  1.卦辞本意是说,时运不佳,亲朋远离,信息闭塞,没有门路,一直闷在家里,就像被困在了深山老林之中,整整好几年都没有风光过。

  2.初六爻之所以不顺利,那是因为自己时运不济,而不是别人强加给自己的。

  3.为什么说“臀部”?怀才不遇,没有施展的门路,只能独坐愁城抽闷烟,所以才用“臀”来阐述。

株木.jpg

  〖九二〗困于酒食①,朱绂②方来,利用享祀③。征④凶,无咎。

  〖象曰〗困于酒食,中有庆也。

  ①困于酒食:缺吃少喝,指生活困难。②朱绂:古代礼服上的红色蔽膝,代指做官。朱,红色。绂,读fú。如图所示。③享祀:奉献供品,祭拜神灵。④征:远行谋事。

  译文

  九二:生活困难,好日子才刚刚到来,应该先去宗庙祭拜。如果远去他方则不利,但也没有灾祸。

  象曰:生活困难,但能够坚守中正的做法,所以将来必有喜庆。

  辨析

  1.九二爻,预示好运即将到来。

  2.所谓“困于酒食”,本义是指缺乏食物,忍饥挨饿。

  3.卦辞大意,刚刚起步,不要急于做大事,笼络人心是首要任务。否则,适得其反。

朱绂.jpg

  〖六三〗困于石,据①于蒺藜,入于其宫②,不见其妻,凶。

  〖象曰〗据于蒺藜,乘刚也。入于其宫,不见其妻,不祥也。

  ①据:站在。②宫:房屋,家中。

  译文

  六三:前面有巨石挡路,脚下又有带刺的蒺藜,只得返回家中,但又不见了老婆,凶兆。

  象曰:脚下又有带刺的蒺藜,那说的是九二阳爻。返回家中不见了老婆,那是不祥之兆。

  辨析

  1.石头挡路,蒺藜扎脚,前后都是不利因素。

  2.下一爻九四,是阳爻,象征前面是巨石,挡住了去路;上一爻九二,也是阳爻,象征脚下又有蒺藜,导致不敢轻易迈步。可见,六三爻困难重重。

  3.在六二爻的时候,就已经提出了“征凶”。如果安坐家中,则不会出现那么多难题,也不会失去老婆。

  〖九四〗来徐徐①。困于金车②,吝,有终。

  〖象曰〗来徐徐,志在下③也。虽不当位,有与④也。

  ①来徐徐:缓缓而来。徐徐,不慌不忙。②金车:豪华的车子,这里代指君王。③志在下:心愿在基层。④与:帮助。

  译文

  九四:不慌不忙,缓缓而来。辅助君王就像被困在了豪华的车子里,心中虽然不舒服,但结局还是好的。

  象曰:不慌不忙,缓缓而来,原因是自己的志向在于基层,而不在于高层。虽然所处位置不太理想,但对君王还是有帮助的。

  辨析

  1.所谓“来徐徐”,不慌不忙,悠然自得,最后才慢腾腾地来了。意思是原本不想来。

  2.所谓“困于金车”,金车是君王的象征,代指君王。辅佐君王,日以继日,恪尽职守,所以说“困于金车”。周总理毕生都把精力奉献给了国家,那也是“困于金车”。

  3.所谓“志在下也”,九四爻为阳,位置不正,但与初六遥相呼应,所以说“志在下”。寓意没有心思做官。

  〖九五〗劓刖①,困于赤绂②。乃徐有说③,利用祭祀。

  〖象曰〗劓刖,志未得也。乃徐有说,以中直④也。利用祭祀,受福⑤也。

  ①劓刖:读音yìyuè,古代刑罚,割鼻断足。②赤绂:赤色蔽膝,代指做官。③乃徐有说:为了逐渐解脱出来。说,脱。④中直:做法中正,心性正直。⑤受福:享受福分。

  译文

  九五:用酷刑来治理天下,思想会被困在显赫的位置上。为了从困境中逐渐地解脱出来,适宜祭拜神灵,让诚信感化天下。

  象曰:用酷刑来治理天下,那是因为自己的志愿还没有实现。能够从困境中逐渐解脱出来,那是因为自己的做法中正,心性正直。适宜祭拜神灵,那是因为诚信能够感化天下,自己才能享受福分。

  辨析

  1.此爻大意是,用酷刑治理天下,不如用诚信感化天下。

  2.所谓“困于赤绂”,九五尊位,身份显赫,如何治理天下,是一个大难题。动用酷刑,可能会引起暴乱。因此,只能用诚信去感化天下臣民。

  3.做官“困于赤绂”,经商“困于金钱”,百姓“困于口粮”,痴情“困于异性”。

  〖上六〗困于葛藟①,于臲卼②,曰③动悔④。有悔⑤,征吉。

  〖象曰〗困于葛藟,未当也。动悔,有悔吉,行也。

  ①葛藟:葛和藟。藟,读lěi,藤条。②臲卼:读音nièwù,惶惶不安。③曰:说明,表明。④悔:灾祸,厄运。⑤悔:思谋,前后综合判断。

  译文

  上六:就像藤蔓缠绕,困住了手脚,内心惶恐不安。这说明,此时如果贸然行动,必生灾祸。若能前后综合判断,远行谋事才会吉祥。

  象曰:藤蔓缠绕,困住了手脚,那是因为自己做法不恰当。只要有行动就会有灾祸,应该做到胸有成竹,这才是可行的。

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