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《周易》第二十卦,风地观

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〖绪言〗

  六十四卦第二十卦是《风地观》。六爻纳甲法属于乾宫第五卦,五行属金。

  上一卦是《地泽临》,君临天下,巡察民间。百姓驻足观望,聆听教诲,参观学习,因此,此卦为《风地观》。《地泽临》颠倒过来,就是《风地观》。《风地观》颠倒过去,又是《地泽临》,它们互为综卦。

  心存仰慕,参观学习,难免盲目地追捧,有些人甚至懵懵懂懂,跟风附和,因此,第二十一卦是《火雷噬嗑》。

  此卦讲的是正确审视,参观考察。比如国家领导人到国外考察先进的制造业。又如,借鉴国外的法律制度。再如,深入民间视察,了解民众疾苦。

  《观》卦,从下向上看。寓意仰慕、崇拜、流行、示范、考察、参观、听讲、学习、学生。

  卦象叙述方式:幼稚的看法;偷偷学习;审视自己;展示成就;再审视自己;考察别人。

  

〖卦辞〗

  【卦辞】观,盥①而不荐②,有孚③颙若④。

  译文

  卦辞:观卦,洗净了手,还没有把祭品献上,大家就真诚地望着祭坛,肃然起敬。

  ①盥:读guàn,用水冲手。②荐:进献。③有孚:信徒们。④颙若:肃然起敬的样子。颙,读yóng,敬畏。若,顺从的样子。

  【彖曰】大观在上①,顺而巽,中正以观天下②。观,盥而不荐,有孚颙若,下观而化③也。观天之神道④,而四时不忒⑤。圣人以神道设教⑥,而天下服矣。

  译文

  彖曰:上卦为巽为风,下卦为坤为顺。君王在上,老百姓就像顺风行路一样顺从,那是因为君王以纯正的作风标榜天下的结果。观卦,洗净了手,还没有把祭品献上,大家就真诚地望着祭坛,肃然起敬,那是因为老百姓心存仰慕而受到了感化。观察日月运行的神秘现象,所以才明白了四季是不会有偏差的。圣人借用天地运行的神秘现象来实施教化,天下人才会心服口服。

  ①大观在上:见辨析。②中正以观天下:用纯正的品德去标榜天下。以,用。观,示范。③下观而化:黎民百姓因仰慕而受到教化。下,百姓。观,仰望。④神道:主宰天地运行,四季变化的力量。⑤忒:偏差。⑥设教:实施教化,或制定教化百姓的方针。设,施行,创立。

  辨析

  1.大观在上:九五爻在上卦,象征君王。阳位阳爻,得正,象征观点正确,所以叫“大观”。自然而然,下卦为坤为顺为百姓,就是“小观”。大观教化小观,小观顺从大观。

  2.神道:天地神秘莫测的运行规则。神道是掌控“天道”的力量。所谓神,指神秘的力量。

  【象曰】风行地上,观。先王以省方①,观民②设教。

  译文

  象曰:上卦为巽为风,下卦为坤为地,地上风行无处不在,称作观卦。先贤由此受到启发,巡视四方,体察民情,制定教化百姓的方针。

  ①省方:省视四方。省,读xǐng,观察。②观民:观察老百姓。

 

风地观.jpg

 

〖爻辞〗

  【初六】童观,小人无咎。君子吝。

  【象曰】初六童观,小人道也。

  译文

  初六:像小孩儿一样看事务,作为普通人来讲不算没什么大错。如果大人物也这样看就会带来耻辱。

  象曰:初爻位于全卦最下方,就像儿童观察事务一样,那是蒙昧无知的人的做法。

  辨析

  童观,即“童蒙所观”,蒙昧儿童所看到的事务,以及对事务的看法。初爻位于全卦最下方,喻示最小、最底层;阳位阴居,不正,喻示智商不高。因此,童观的“童”,即《蒙》卦的“童蒙”,既指无知的小孩,又指童奴,又代表见识短浅的人。

  【六二】窥观,利女贞。

  【象曰】窥观女贞,亦①可丑②也。

  译文

  六二:偷偷地观看,适合女人这样做。

  象曰:女人偷偷地观看,不过是害羞罢了

  ①亦:无非,不过。②丑:害羞。

  辨析

  六二爻阴位阴爻,得正。女人害羞,偷偷观看,这种禀性是先天赋予的。作为男人就侧目偷看,而要双目正视,才能体现男人的风格。

  【六三】观我生①,进退②。

  【象曰】观我生,进退,未失道也。

  译文

  六三:审视自己的生存状况,应进则进,应退则退。

  象曰:审视自己的生存状况,应进则进,应退则退,这样做没有失去原则。

  ①观我生:观察自己的生存之道。②进退:前进还是后退。比喻人生抉择。

  辨析

  1.六三爻阳位阴爻,不正。喻示自己处在人生的十字路口,有必要审时度势,做出正确的抉择。之所以说“进退”,那是因为一旦蒙蔽了双眼,就会走入歧途,从而犯下错误。

  2.这一爻可以吉,也可以凶。只看自己怎样选择道路了。所以,周文王没有给予吉凶定性。

  【六四】观国之光①,利用宾于王②。

  【象曰】观国之光,尚③宾也。

  译文

  六四:参观国家的辉煌成就,君王适宜用这种方式接待宾客。

  象曰:参观国家的辉煌成就,这是对宾客的尊重。

  ①光:荣耀。②利用宾于王:适宜君王用作招待宾客。③尚:尊崇、重视。

  辨析

  1.六四爻阴爻阴位,得正。又靠近九五爻,象征邻国。因此,有资格前来访问。

  2.利用宾于王:君王适宜用这种方式招待宾客。主语“王”放在句末,倒装句。

  【九五】观我生,君子。无咎。

  【象曰】观我生,观民也。

  译文

  九五:正确审视自己的生存状态,这是大人物的风格。这样做不会出现任何隐患。

  象曰:正确审视自己的生存状态,就能正确地考察老百姓的生活状况。

  【上九】观①其生,君子。无咎。

  【象曰】观其生,志未平也。

  译文

  上九:能够调查别人的生活状态,才算得上是君子。这样做不会出现隐患。

  象曰:能够调查别人的生活状态,这是因为自己志向远大,永不平息。

  ①观:调查、考察。

  辨析

  1.此爻位于全卦最上方,表示勤政精政,永无止境。从“观我生”到“观其生”,不但审视自己的生存状态,还要审视别人的生活状态,两者相互比较,相互借鉴,取长补短。家庭与家庭,他们相互比较,相互攀比;国家与国家,相互考察,相互学习。

  2.到民间视察,是调查;到国外参观,是考察。都符合上九爻的原义。

  3.这个世界上,万事万物都在做比较。学生之间,成绩高低;员工之间,工资多少;姑娘之间,谁最漂亮;家庭之间,存款多少;国家之间,比武器、比制度、比科技。没有比较,就没有争胜心。所以,孔子才说:“观其生,志未平也。”社会在进步,永远志难平。

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