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《周易》第二卦,坤为地

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   【绪言】

    六十四卦第二卦,是《坤为地》。六爻纳甲法是坤宫第一卦,属土。

    第一卦《乾为天》,清气上升,空气流通,为天。《乾》卦六爻全阳。六阳爻全部变为阴爻,即《坤》卦。

    《坤》卦,寓意包容、承受、顺从、被动、下降、收敛、吝惜、谦逊、仁爱。

    卦象叙述方式:用冰霜和大地来模拟人生。

   【卦辞】

  卦辞:坤为地,元亨①,利牝马之贞②。君子有攸往③,先迷④后得主⑤,利。西南得朋,东北丧朋⑥,安贞⑦,吉。
  译文:坤卦,代表地。顺从天道,应该像母马那样始终坚守纯贞。当你有所向往的时候,起初可能茫然不知所措,但最后一定会找到事物的根本,选对方针和策略,有好处。去西南方能够得到朋友相助,去东北方则会搞得无亲无靠。坚守节操,安分守己,才会吉利。
  ①元亨,天道开创,地道翕受,才会亨通。这里的元亨不同于乾卦的元亨。元,指乾卦的元。亨,具备了元,坤卦才能亨。②牝马之贞:像母马那样操守纯正。③有攸往:有所向往、有所打算。④迷:茫然,失去判断力。这是在阐释阴柔的性情。比如女孩子婚姻,20岁左右都会感到茫然。遇到了合适的人,便有了靠山。⑤得主:得到了事物的根本。⑥西南得朋,东北丧朋:此句源自商周历史。西周多仁义,势力范围在西南方(陕西岐山)。商朝多不义,势力范围在东北方(河南鹤壁)。所以,周文王说,去西南有朋友相帮,到了东北,等于到了虎狼之窝。⑦安贞:安分守己,保持纯贞。

  彖曰:至①哉坤元,万物资生②,乃顺承天③。坤厚载物④,德合⑤无疆⑥。含弘⑦光大⑧,品物咸亨。牝马地类,行地无疆,柔顺利贞。君子攸行,先迷失道,后顺得常。西南得朋,乃与类行⑨;东北丧朋,乃终有庆⑩。安贞之吉,应地无疆。
  译文:至善至美的地,是资生万物的根本,因为地道顺承天道的运转。大地深厚,承载万物,德性广合,无穷无尽。大地所蕴育的一切,都能使它们成长壮大,发挥应有的作用。如此,天下才能亨通畅达。母马与大地同属阴性,在无边无际的大地上奔跑,它们适宜把阴柔的品德坚持下去。君子有所向往,起初可能没有判断力,选错了道路,但是,如果能顺应大势,最后就能过上安适如常的太平日子。西南方得到朋友,原因在于志同道合。东北方虽然失去朋友,也不要灰心丧气,终究还会得到幸福。之所以安分守贞会带来吉祥,正是应了大地无疆的品德。
  ①至:表示达到某程度。②万物资生:万物凭借它而生长。③顺承天:顺受天道的法则。④坤厚载物:大地深厚,承载万物。⑤德合:德行相配。德:品德、行为。合,交媾、配合、和谐。⑥无疆:无边无际,形容没有止境。⑦含弘:包藏万物,并化育生长。含,包含,有孕育的意思。弘,广大、深远。⑧光大:使之发挥作用。光,动词,使之荣耀。大,形容词,指作用大。⑨类行,与同类共事。⑩庆:福分。

  象曰:地势坤,君子以厚德载物。
  译文:坤卦,代表大地。君子的品德应像大地一样深厚,承载万物。

坤为地.jpg

  爻辞】
  初六:①履霜,坚冰至。
  象曰:履霜坚冰,阴始凝也。驯②致③其道④,至坚冰也。
  译文
  初六:走在薄霜上,预示结冰的季节就快来到了。
  象曰:能够走在薄霜上,说明阴气才刚刚凝结。天道提示,结冰的季节就要到了。

  ①履:动词,行走。②驯:教导,顺从。③致:到。④道,天道。这里指天时。

  六二:直①方②大③,不习④,无不利。
  象曰:六二之动,直以方也。不习无不利,地道光⑤也。
  译文
  六二:平直、方正、辽阔是大地的特性,她默默无闻,用不着像动物一样地学习和训练,没有任何不吉利。
  象曰:预测用到第二爻的时候,预示端正无邪。不用学习和训练,是因为大地原本就有发扬光大的特性。

  ①直:前视是一条直线,所以叫直。②方:农田是块状的,所以叫方。③大:无边无沿叫大。④习,反复训练,学习。⑤光:发扬光大。

  六三:含章①可贞②,或从王事③,无成有终④。
  象曰:含章可贞,以时发⑤也。或从王事,知光大⑥也。
  译文
  六三:坚持含蓄的品质,包容的心态,如果从事政务,即使没有显耀的成就,也会有个好结局。
  象曰:内在的才华,以待时机施展自己。如果从事政务,才华能让自己风光无限。

  ①含章:有德而不显,怀才而不露,指内在的修养。含,包含、隐藏。章,才华、美德。②可贞:适合坚持下去。可,适合。贞,坚持。③或从王事:如果从事国家政务。或,如果。④无成有终:没有成就但有一个好结果。成,成绩,显要的地位。终,《礼·檀弓》君子曰终,小人曰死。指好的结局。⑤时发,随着时间的推移,展露出来。发,展现,被发现。比如姜子牙,八十岁遇文王,正是“以时发也”。⑥知:智慧、见识。

  六四:括①囊②,无咎无誉③。
  象曰:括囊无咎,慎不害也。
  译文
  六四:做人要谨言,就像扎紧口袋一样,虽没什么光荣,但也不至于犯错。
  象曰:扎紧口袋没错,谨言慎行是不会有害的。

  ①括:绑扎。②囊:布袋。③誉:荣誉。

  六五:黄裳①,元吉。
  象曰:黄裳元吉,文②在中③也。
  译文
  六五:身穿黄色的服饰,原本就吉利。
  象曰:黄色的服装很吉利,因为它象征一个人内在的美德。

  ①黄裳:黄色的下衣。②文:《史记·諡法》:经纬天地曰文,道德博闻曰文,勤学好问曰文,慈惠爱民曰文,愍民惠礼曰文,锡民爵位曰文。③中:上卦的中爻。代指心灵。

  上六:龙①战于野②,其血玄黄③。
  象曰:龙战於野,其道穷④也。
  译文
  上六:皇帝迎战于郊野,血流成河。
  象曰:皇帝迎战于郊野,国祚到了尽头。

  ①龙:龙在天上。阴六上升到了最高位,接近了天。因此,龙被动出战。比喻帝王。②野:郊野。指首都附近。敌人打到了京城近郊,皇帝出城迎战。③其血玄黄:他们血流成河。玄黄,天色为玄,地色为黄。颜色混杂,形容血流成河。④其道穷:他的统治到了尽头。道,代指政治路线,治国方针。

  用六:利永贞。
  象曰:用六永贞,以大终②也。
  译文
  用六:天变地,地变天,天地交泰,万物生长。这种状态利于永远持续下去。
  象曰:永远持续天地交泰的状态,原因在于新的一年就要重新开始。

  
①用六:在六十四卦中,《乾》卦第一,代表天,附有“用九”;《坤卦》第二,代表地,附有“用六”。其余卦象则无此条。所谓用,是使用、用到、派上用场的意思。所谓六,在八卦中,凡属于阴爻,均以六表示。《坤卦》六个爻全是阴性,所以,叫用六。
  《坤卦》附加一个用六,有三层含义。第一,当《坤卦》的六个爻全动时,阴爻变阳爻,就成了《乾卦》。第二,说明天地相互依存,不可分离。第三,《坤卦》为地,附加一个用六,寓意地下有地。也就是说,在这个世界上,不只是人类所认知的一个时空。详细参阅《乾卦》。
  ②以大终:因为这一年过完了,预示新的一年即将开始。以,因为。终,是冬季的尽头,寓意本年即将结束,新年即将开始。以大终,阐释了地球运转的法则。一年365日,春夏秋冬四季更替。到了冬季,一年就要结束。地球重新承接太阳的光照,新的一年开始,所以叫大。

 

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