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探索“大衍之数五十,其用四十九”的深层含义

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   《河图》黑点2、4、6、8、10,共计30数;白点1、3、5、7、9,共计25数。

   《洛书》黑点2、4、6、8,共计20数;白点1、3、5、7、9,共计25数。

  

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 大衍之数五十

   《系辞·上》第九章:“天一,地二;天三,地四;天五,地六;天七,地八;天九,地十。天数五,地数五,五位相得而各有合,天数二十有五,地数三十,凡天地之数五十有五,此所以成变化而行鬼神也。”

    译文:
    周天充盈着气场。北方天数是一,地数为二;东方天数是三,地数为四;中部天数是五,地数为六;南方天数是七,地数为八;西方天数是九,地数为十。(《河图》依此而画,或因《河图》而写)
    天数有五组,分别是1、3、5、7、9,相加起来共25数;地数有五组,分别是2、4、6、8、10,相加起来共30数。天地总计55数。这就是造成天地变化,万物生成与消亡的原因。
 
    《系辞·上》又说:“大衍之数五十,其用四十九。”
    大衍:大,形容天地之形。衍,充盈、运行。大衍是人类预测万事万物的总数。
    天地总计55数,大衍之数为什么是五十呢?这个疑问,从古至今没人能说得清楚。
 
    《河图》55数,囊括了天地间所有信息。按照阴阳学常识,天地间不只是人类,以及人类所认知的“万物”。人类只能在人类的认知面上进步。
    人类的认知面只是的一条“直路”,人类只能沿着这条路走下去,比如科学,更为狭窄的就是“唯物论”和“唯心论”。地球上,人类只能凭借眼睛看到的动物、植物,如果把这些都归纳为同类的话,那么,人们只知道飞禽鸟兽,嫩草乔木,黄金玉石,机器轰鸣,等等。
    看不见摸不着,凭借人类的智慧,无法认识,也无法看到的,则是天地间的另一个层面,可以称作异类。比如,地球自转的原动力是什么?植物种子起初来自哪里?万物为什么都逃脱不了生老病死?人死之后到底去哪儿了?直接躺在地下?我想,没那么简单吧。听起来这些都是自然,那也应该有创造自然的原动力。因为我们无法解释,就干脆地推给了“自然而然”。
    历史上曾出现很多圣贤,比如黄帝、老聃、孔子、京房、陈抟、邵雍,等等,他们天生具备高超的思维空间,但他们依然沿着自然既定的路线前进,这些圣贤不是没有想到天地间的异类空间,而就像太阳东升西落一样,根本无法偏离这条既定的路线。因此,人类永远也不可能真正弄懂整个世界。
    “河出图,洛出书,圣人则之。”这是神话,也是“托儿”。古人为了神秘,常借助神话或是无法考证的上古圣人来阐述自己的理论。千百年之后,后人根本无从考证,于是,也“则之”,以至于越说越神。
    说到这里,我相信大家都明白,所谓的《河图》和《洛书》都是人类所为。
    《系辞》本是孔子及其弟子所作,孔子的活动年代是春秋,但是,在史籍中并没有发现春秋之前的《河图》和《洛书》是什么样子,只是文字传记。
    《尚书》大约成书于2800年前,其中《顾命》一章中说:“大玉、夷玉、天球、河图,在东序。”文中提到的河图,到底是不是易经类的《河图》,不得而知。
    《管子》大约成书于2500年前,其中《小匡》一章中说道:“昔人之受命者,龙龟假,河出图,洛出书,地出乘黄,今‘三祥’未见有者,虽曰受命,无乃失诸乎?”(古人接受君王旨意,就有龙龟出现,黄河出《图》,洛水出《书》,地出乘黄。现在三种祥瑞都没出现,纵然是受命为王,岂不是缺少了那些祥兆?)毋庸置疑,《小匡》文中的河图和洛书,确实是易经类的《河图》和《洛书》。
    上述文献无意中告诉我们,2500前,《河图》和《洛书》就已经存在。按照《管子·小匡》中“昔人”的说法,至少在3500年前,《河图》和《洛书》就已经存在了。
    但是,上古时期的《河图》和《洛书》到底是什么样子,将永远是一个秘。
    人类文明是周期性的,不同时期地球存在不同的文明。我相信,大约在5000年之前,10000年之内的某段时期,中国大地曾经历过所谓的“史前文明”。由于地球特大灾难导致文化断代,《河图》和《洛书》自然也就断断续续地记录在少数人的记忆中了。目前见到的《河图》和《洛书》,应该起源于宋代,距今大约1000年。

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    天地间,无论同类还是异类,其信息总数是55。
    《太极图》告诉我们,天地间存在同类和异类,它们的数量是均衡的。结合《河图》,同类和异类数量均衡,各占25数。余下5数,可能在异类气场中运行,也可能运行在同类气场中,这恰恰反映了自然界万事万物的不确定性。其实,多出来这5数,也可以称作天地的“衍数”,多余的,但又不能消除的。
    人类生存在地球上,卜蓍是为了解决模棱两可的问题,所以,前贤尽可能地降低自然界的不确定性。因此,古人在卜蓍决疑的时候,从地数10中减去那多出来的5数,至此,才有“大衍之数五十”的说法。
    事实上,这种推理符合阴阳平衡的原理,也符合太极图寓意。
 
其用四十九
    天地间无论同类还是异类都生于太极,都逃不出太极的范围,就像孙悟空逃不出如来佛手掌心一样。老子在《道德经》第42章中说:“一生二,二生三,三生万物。” 可见,人类及万物来自“一”,“一”就是太极。无论同类还是异类,无论大事还是小事,都是在“一”的状态下活动。换句话说,算天算地,算人算事,都是基于“一”才有可能往下进行,脱离了“一”,整个世界就不存在了,还占什么卜?所以,想算这个“一”是没有可能的。因此,《系辞》才说:“其用四十九。”
    举个不恰当的例子:从昆明贩运蔬菜到长春销售,预测可行否?预测内容可以涉及蔬菜种植地、出售蔬菜的农民,运输车辆,高速公路,销售地行情,等等,但是,这一切都是在今天政策范围内进行的,你不可能再算算当今天子在干什么。当今天子就是太极,也就是“一”。换句话说,没有这个“一”,你不可能一定去贩运蔬菜。
   

    从《河图》和《洛书》看“大衍之数五十”。
    根据《河图》和《洛书》的寓意,它们应该产生于同一个时期,或说同一个人。两者互为体用,互为弥补。
    《河图》阴数30、阳数25;《洛书》阴数20、阳数25。粗略看上去,两者阴数共计50、阳数共计50。但是,两者数字只是相互参看,互为体用。如果相互加起来,就失去其原本的意义了。
    地球有序地自转,太阳东升西落;地球有序地公转,四季循环变换,这是地球按照一定轨道运转的结果,因此,《河图》和《洛书》的阴阳数均在20至30之间。因为这一切现象源于地球,因此,《河图》和《洛书》中的地数20至30之间波动。
    为什么《河图》阴数是30,《洛书》阴数却是20,相差10?在地球有序运行的前提下,预示大自然的不确定性。
 

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